Conflicts & Operations

Hitler and his generals, 1939

War With “Unprecedented, Unmerciful, and Unrelenting Harshness” Hitler, Operation Barbarossa, and the Commissar Order

“The commissars are the bearers of ideologies directly opposed to National Socialism. Therefore the commissars will be liquidated.”

– Adolf Hitler

The polished cars of the German military began arriving …

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Yugoslav partisans

Hitler’s Strategic Blunder World War II: 70 Years

When 1941 began, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler was reaching the peak of his authority in Europe. Only Great Britain opposed him. Because he believed that country was too weak to …

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Obstacle course during World War II

“They’d Murder Me If They Ever Found Out…” Lt. Col. William M. Hoge and the Army's First Obstacle Course

When World War II started in Europe in September 1939, the United States was the 17th largest military power. Its army, containing just 190,000 troops, was effectively a constabulary force. …

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A USN destroyer launches a Tomahawk against Libya during Odyssey Dawn

Odyssey Dawn: U.S. Joins Coalition Partners to Establish a No-fly Zone Over Libya

The United States has joined with coalition partners to establish a no-fly zone over Libya in response to a United Nations resolution.

In response to a call for action by …

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Greek soldiers work on fortifications in the Greek line at Kalamas, 1939.

A British Blunder in the East Mediterranean On the verge of victory, 58,000 British troops were transferred to a doomed Greece just as Rommel arrived in North Africa

“In view of the highly critical situation with our Italian allies, two German divisions—one light and one panzer—were to be sent to Libya to their help. I was to take …

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World War II propaganda production poster

ABC-1: Blueprint for War

In late January 1941, five British senior officers arrived in Washington, D.C. Originally the delegation was to receive an official welcome. But isolationists, furious over President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s December …

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Marines-roll-into-KCA

Desert Shield/Desert Storm: 20th Anniversary of the Gulf War

Throughout this January and February America and its allies everywhere have been recognizing and commemorating the 20th anniversary of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.

Over the last two decades …

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Operation Desert Shield

Gulf War 20th: Logistics Marvels Made the “Left Hook” Work

When the first paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division hit the ground in Saudi Arabia, the first thing they noticed was the heat, the unrelenting 120-degree heat. There was little …

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Arsenal of Democracy: A United States M2A4 light tank provided Great Britain under the Lend-Lease Act is assembled in England. FDR Presidential Library photo

The Lend-Lease Act H.R. 1776 becomes Great Britain's savior in 1941

On Dec. 3, 1940, a month after a grueling presidential campaign that culminated in his successful re-election to a third term, President Franklin Roosevelt boarded the cruiser USS Tuscaloosa for …

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Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army enter Nanking (Nanjing), China, in December 1938. Bundesarchive photo

The Embargoes That Blocked Japanese Expansion and Led to War

As the Year of the Dragon (1940) gave way to the Year of the Snake (1941), the United States and Japan appeared on a collision course toward war. The Japanese …

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